A Report on Financial Ratios of Santos Limited Company - 3575 Words

A Report on Financial Ratios of Santos Limited Company (Coursework Sample) Content: A Report on Financial Ratios of Santos Limited Company(Students Name)(Universitys Name)Significance of measuring of Organizational PerformanceOrganizational performance measurement is among the most popular terms used in the modern public sector management terminology. The idea of measuring the organizational performance is widely adopted and accepted worldwide. Moreover, this idea has dramatically extended in both public and private sectors. In fact, in todays businesses, managers do more than just setting the organizational goals. They employ accounting tools to measure the organizations' performance. Performance refers to the process of doing some tasks in an organization as well as achieving the intended goals. Generally, performance is said to be the outcome of work because the employees in an organization provide the strongest linkages of the strategic goals to be achieved. Performance measurement is composed of various methods such as collecting, analyzing and reporting relevant information regarding the overall performance of an organization, group or individual.In the contemporary world, most of the organizations employ cost accounting and financial accounting methods to measure the organization performance. For this reason, Santos Limited one of the Australias largest producers of oil and gas to the domestic market should employ these accounting concepts to measure its performance. According to CITATION Raj10 \l 1033 (Rajasekaran Lalitha 2010), cost accounting is a branch of accounting that measure, classifies and also records costs incurred by an organization in a particular financial year. On the other hand, financial accounting gathers and also summarizes the overall financial data in order to prepare financial reports, such as income statements, balance sheets for the company's management, lenders, stakeholders, and investors. The accounting tools exhibit the aims and importance of measuring the organizations' performance.Measu ring performance is a crucial role and it aims at assessing the value of all the employees in an organization as well as the management activities. Further, performance measuring also aims at providing necessary useful insights in a company for conducting annual reviews of the employees and the managers. Metrics such as margins, growth, market share, retention or customers satisfaction are also the objectives of measuring the performance of a company. Richard, Devinney etal.(2009) asserts that financial measures mainly from archival data, like return on sales (ROA), profit and sales are vital in measuring the firm's performance. This archival data measures the firms performance by communicating financial information to the decision makers to help them in planning, evaluating and controlling activities in the business, which is the main objective CITATION Bha11 \l 1033 (Debarshi 2011). Managers are able to make well-versed decisions for the future of the organization since organiz ational behaviors, and research is regularly monitored and measured CITATION Moh12 \l 1033 (Zairi 2012). It ensures that decision making is based on facts but not on emotions. Therefore, measuring an organizations performance becomes an important element, especially in empirical research.Additionally, performance measurement enhances the companys delivery of services and goods. Communication among the internal employees is improved through measurement as well as the external communication of investors, customers and stakeholders, thus ensuring delivery of goods and services. Measuring determines how a companys operational efficiency and the overall effectiveness. Thus, it is significant to ensure a consistent monitoring of the organizational measurement so as to ensure feasibility and guidance in achieving the firms goals.In fact, the accountant in Santos can use the financial information contained in financial statements of the financial year 2013/2014 to compute the company's rat io that will help decision-makers in the company make informed decisions.Summarized table for the ratio CalculationsYEAR 2013 2014 Profitability Net profit margin 1 % - 23.16 % Gross Profit 1 % 1 % Return on Assets 1 % -4.18 % Earnings per Share 0.53 -9.56 Efficiency Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio 4.54 times per year 6.38 times per year Inventory Turnover Ratio 5.98 times 6.54 times Short-Term Solvency Current Ratio 1.20 1.06 Acid Test Ratio 0.96 0.83 Cash Flow from Operations to Liabilities Ratio 0.94 0.95 Long-Term Solvency Debt to Equity Ratio 101.81 % 137.38% Debt to Total Assets Ratio 1 % 57.87% Market Based Price Earnings Ratio 0.276 times 0.086 times Dividend Yield Ratio 0.027 cents 0.023 cents Trends of Ratios in Santos Limited for 2013/2014 financial year * ProfitabilityDaly (2002) points out that profitability is the capability of a firm to earn a profit. Profitability ratios compare the income statements accounts so as to portray the capability of a firm to make profits from its operations. Creditors and investors make use of these profitability ratios to judge a companys return on investment as it is based on the relative level of assets and resources. Profitability ratios are comprised of various ratios such as net profit margin, gross profit, return on assets and earnings per share.As addressed by CITATION Cha12 \l 1033 (Gibson 2012) net profit margin refers to the percentage of revenue left after costs incurred in running a firm has been deducted from sales. In 2013, Santos had a net profit of 14.33 % while in the subsequent year 2014 the net profit greatly dropped by 37.49 to record a negative figure of -23.16 %. According to these results of the net profit margin, Santos Limited prices its products inappropriately and it does not practice good cost control methods.Gross profit ratio estimates the percentage of the total sales that exceeds the cost of the goods sold. It measures how a company uses its labor and materials efficiently to manufacture and sell products profitably. In 2013, Santos limited had a gross profit of 30.46% which slightly dropped by 2.27%, to record a percentage of 28.19% in 2014. This trend shows that Santos sells its inventory at low profits percentage which results in minimal profits. Low gross profit ratios are unfavorable to the company. It is likely to be caused by low sale prices of products with corresponding increases in costs incurred.On the other hand, return on assets (ROA) quantifies the net income generated from the total assets during a particular period of time. Santos has ROA of 2.50% in 2013 which drastically decreased by 6.68 % to a figure of -4.18% in the subsequent year, 2014. This trend presented that Santos is unfavorable for investors to invest in its Company because of the low percentage of ROA. Consequently, the negative decrease in the years shows losses incurred by the firm.According to CITATION Raj10 \l 1033 (Rajasekaran Lalitha 2010) earnings per share prove s the ability of a firm to pay off its dividends. Besides, investors and shareholders are able to know how profitable a firm is. In 2013, Santos had a total of 0.53 earnings per share, which decreased by 10.09 to record a negative figure of -9.56 in the successive year 2014. The trend shows that Santos has a decrease in its inventory price to pay off its dividends. * EfficiencyThe account receivable turnover ratio reveals the times a firm is capable of turning all its accounts receivable into money in a financial year. In 2013, Santos had a ratio of 4.54 times which slightly increased in the following year 2014 by a ration1.84 to record 6.38. An increase in account receivable turnover shows that Santos collected more receivables in the financial, thus becoming favorable to stakeholders.Inventory turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that shows how the stock is effectively used in a company. In other words, inventory turnover ratio determines the number of times the average stock is turned or sold in a financial year. Santos had a ratio of 5.98 in 2013 and it slightly increased in 2014 to 6.54. This proved that with no doubts, the company can convert its entire inventory into cash since it does not overspend by buying unnecessary stock. It is also proves that Santos had high sales which resulted in high performance, thus increasing the companys efficiency. * Short-Term SolvencyGitman McDaniel (2007) notes that current ratio is an efficiency and liquidity ratio that measures the liquidity as well as the efficiency ratio of the potential of a firm to repay its short-term liabilities with the current assets owned by the firm. It is a vital measure of liquidity since most of the short-term liabilities are due to the successive financial year. Current assets include marketable securities, cash and cash equivalents .Santos had a ratio of 1.20 in 2013 and it decreased in the consecutive year to a ratio of 1.06. It shows that Santos cannot pay off its current liabilit ies easily with the current assets.Acid Test Ratio is a liquidity ratio that proves the ability of a firm to repay its current liabilities when the costs exist due with only quick assets, which can be converted into cash within 90days. Quick assets in a company may include cash equivalents, ca...

Barbie A New Campaign Promoting Empowering Girls Essay

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Operations Management Homework Chapter 3 Essay - 1333 Words

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A History of the World in 6 Glasses free essay sample

A History of the World in 6 Glasses by Tom Standage is about six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) and how they have affected the world in the past and the present. All of these drinks were invented in different eras, and the inventions of these drinks were affected by what had occurred in the time period. There were many historical eras that are covered in the book. Beginning with the Stone Age, which was the time period beer was created. The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods- Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period- each period was based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of the tools. During this time period, people got there food and necessities by hunting and gathering. When beer was discovered/created Mesopotamians started farming rather than hunting and gathering. The second time period in which wine was created was the rise of the Greek and Roman empire. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of the World in 6 Glasses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This time period was based on strong city-states, and when wine was discovered it became a part of Greek and Roman lifestyles. Also political classes were partially based on the type and quality of wine you would drink. Having the access to wine showed whether you were rich or poor, it showed your status in social life. The third time period was the Age of Exploration. During this time period spirits were discovered by the distillation (the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors) of wine. During the Age of Exploration explorers from around the world would sail on ships in search of new land. They searched for new land they could conquer for their country or to find trading routes as well. They also explored to spread their religion, to become famous (if they did discover something), and to get some money as well. This is the time period when America was discovered. Spirits were drunk on ships throughout voyages. They were drunk on voyages because sailors would get a sickness called scurvy (which is a sickness caused by the lack of vitamin C), and the spirit that would cure it was called aqua vitae. The fourth time period is the Age of Reason which was the time period coffee was discovered/created. The Age of Reason represented the way man viewed himself, the pursuit of knowledge, and the universe. The Age of Reason encouraged intellectual freedom, freedom of religious beliefs, and politics. During this period, many people wanted to prove Greek philosophers wrong and rebuild human knowledge. Also during this period, coffee determined social status as well. As coffee grew in its popularity, coffeehouses were being built. Coffeehouses were the place where people could come and talk about politics, news, and gossip. The fifth time period was the Industrial Revolution in England where tea played a major role. Once tea had been discovered people thought it was an interesting drink. One of the main parts of the Industrial Revolution began in England was because of tea. Many people enjoyed drinking tea, so there was a higher demand for tea. To transport tea to Europe faster, it was brought by steam ships. Also because of the higher demand for tea, people began to make machines that would help pack tea. During the eighteenth century to the twenty first century coca-cola was invented/created and has changed over many years. During this time businesses and industries began to grow, manufactured items and technologies were being invented, and the medical field was making big advances. In this period, coca-cola was sold in pharmacies and was used as a medicine. Even coca-cola was a medicine, people still drank it because of its taste and how refreshing it was. So eventually coca-cola became a beverage as well. Throughout all of these eras, these six drinks have evolved and changed the world in many ways (both positively and negatively). There are two reoccurring themes throughout this book. The first theme is how the six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) have impacted the world. The second theme is that each drink has some kind of medicinal purpose. Whether the drink did not work as a medicine or it did. Each drink has changed the world in many ways (good or bad). Starting with beer, beer steered people out of the hunting and gathering way of life into the agricultural lifestyle. People grew grains in order to make beer, but eventually in gave the people the idea that can also grow more crops instead of just grain. Beer drinking was one of the many factors that helped tip the balance away from hunting and gathering and towards farming and sedentary lifestyle based on small settlements. Beer was also safer to drink than water because water was mostly contaminated. In the Stone Age, beer became the main drink, and it is still a popular drink today. Wine has also impacted the world in many ways. If wine hadnt been invented or discovered we would not have vineyard farming today. Wine was a very popular drink during the Roman and Grecian era. In fact wine was the main drink. Greek and Roman men would have get togethers called symposia. The sophisticated, formal, and intellectual atmosphere of the symposion reminded the Greeks of how civilized they were. It reminded that they werent just there to drink wine, they were there to discuss many things as well. Wine determined your rank in social class. As Tom Standage stated Wine was a mark of status. Wine became the main alcoholic drink in this time period and it is still popular today. Wine became so popular that it is in certain religions and even served as offerings to gods/goddesses. Spirits have impacted the world by playing a major role in the trade of slaves. During the triangle trade between Europe, Africa, and the East Indies they traded rum (another kind of spirit), iron, sugarcane, and slaves. During this time wine was used as a form of currency to trade between European slave traders, but they soon realized that brandy was better to trade with. Brandy allowed for alcohol to fit in smaller places inside ships. Also brandy contained more alcohol in it so it stayed fresh longer than wine. European slave started to offer spirits, like brandy, to Africans before they started to trade. . â€Å"The connections between spirits, slaves, and sugar were further strengthened following the invention of a powerful new drink made from the waste products of the sugar-production process itself. That drink was rum. † Coffee has changed the world in many too as well. As coffee became popular it started to become a social drink. Coffeehouses began to open for people to drink some coffee and just talk about stuff. Because of these coffeehouses it opened the minds of people and let them hear others opinions on a certain subject. Eventually these opinions led to discoveries and information that has impacted and changed the world. â€Å"Coffee promoted clarity of thought, making it the ideal drink for scientists, businessmen, and philosophers, stated Standage. Not only do scientists, businessmen, and philosophers drink it, but many people including kids/teens drink it today just to get a boost of energy. A popular coffee store today is Starbucks, and it is opened everywhere around the world. Coffee is in peoples daily routines/lives. Without coffee the world would be really different, so coffee has changed the world a lot. Tea also impacted the world (especially Europe) because it was also a drink that you could socialize with others and still enjoy a nice cup of tea. Tea was a social drink, but it was more formal than other drinks like coffee or alcoholic drinks. Coffeehouses then began to start serving tea. Tea slowly began to become popular, and like coffee tea opened peoples mind and let them listen to others thoughts. Then ideas began to spread again, and those ideas would then impact the world in some way, shape or form. When tea became popular, China opened up trade routes with Europe and the East, and sparked the trading of other goods through Europe. Tea became so popular in Europe, that people began to have tea time. Without tea, China would not have had major trade routes with Europe and the East. Coca-cola has changed the world in many ways as well. Coke is one of the main drinks all across the globe today. It became one of the first carbonated beverages, which eventually sparked the idea of other people making other carbonated drinks. Like other sodas, coke was sold in pharmacies and was originally a patent medicine. But as time went on, people began to drink Coke because it was a refreshing drink, and eventually Coke became a normal beverage. Coke isnt just a normal beverage though because it has impacted the world in the past and still in the present. The second theme of the book is that every drink had a medicinal purpose. â€Å"Beer also had a more direct link to health, for both the Mesopotamians and Egyptians used it medicinally,† says Standage. Beer was used as an alternative for water because water was mostly contaminated and it wasnt very safe to drink. Beer was a safer option because it consisted of boiled water which was less likely to be contaminated. Beer was also used for medicine because it could dissolve ingredients for medicines better than water. Egyptians began to make medicines with beer in it during 1550 BCE. For example they used Half an onion mixed with frothy beer was said to cure constipation, powdered olives mixed with beer cured indigestion, and a mixture of saffron and beer massaged into a womans abdomen was prescribed for labor pains. So Egyptians found many ways to use beer as a medicine. Wine also had some medicinal qualities. For example when warriors/soldiers were injured wine would be used to disinfect their wounds. A doctor named Galen believed that wine could cure colds as well. The better the wine, Galen believed, the more medicinally effective it was. † But once when spirits were discovered, they replaced wine because people believed it worked better than wine. Doctors and other people believed if wine could cure sicknesses so well, then distilled wine (spirits) would have stronger healing powers. People believed this because spirits has a higher alcohol content than wine. Aqua vitae was a spirit that had a higher alcohol content than any other spirit because it had superior healing powers. Aqua vitae was known to treat: diseases of the brain, nerves joints, revive the heart, calm toothaches, cure blindness, and even protect against the plague. Even though aqua vitae is said to cure all of those things, it actually did not cure any of those problems. All aqua vitae did was intoxicate people easily and quickly. Coffee and tea were not really medicinal drinks. People didnt really use them often as medicine. When people would have headaches they would drink coffee to make the pain not as bad because of the effects of caffeine. People drank tea when they had a cold or sore throat to also ease away the pain and suffering. Besides the fact that coffee and tea would stimulate your mind, they did not really have a medicinal use. Coca-cola was originally sold in pharmacies only for medicinal use. The inventor of Coca-cola was John Pemberton. Before coca-cola Pemberton made many medicines in America that were popular. But soon his business began to drop, and he needed to make a new and improved medicine. How Pemberton made Coca-cola is that he was trying to make a medicine that would reduce/get rid of headache pain. Coca-cola is partially made from the coca plant from South America and it had a stimulating effect on people (because if you chewed them they had a little cocaine). At the time doctors did not know that cocaine was an addictive drug, so they used it in their medicine. Pemberton studied the coca plant for years, and he decided to put the plant in his patent medicine. Then years later he added the kola nut for some flavoring, and soon Pemberton made the concoction we know today as Coca-cola. â€Å"It was nonalcoholic and it appealed as both a soda-water flavoring and a patent medicine†. Because Coca-cola was nonalcoholic and had soda-water flavoring made it very popular. In advertisements, Coca-cola was said to cure: nervous affections, headaches, neuralgia, hysteria, and melancholy. The book has affected me in many ways. For example, when I see one of the six drinks I have read, I now know on how it was created and what time periods it was created. The book also helped me realize that anything can actually impact the world greatly. Before I read the book, I thought there was no way six drinks could have impacted the world at all. But after I read the book, I thought/realized that these six drinks have impacted the world so much in so many ways. The themes of A History of the World in 6 Glasses are relevant to todays society. Each drink has changed the world in many ways. For example in Europe, tea was so popular people would have tea time just to enjoy a cup of tea and discuss some things. Tea time still exists in Europe. Wine became so popular that it became a part of many religions and it impacted many religious beliefs. Many people also drink Coca-Cola and coffee often today. People drink coffee in the morning to get a boost of energy to start off their day, and people drink Coke just as a refreshing beverage or at parties. What would the world be like if these six drinks were not invented? There would be no bars, Starbucks, no tea, and no Coke; honestly this would have been a sad world if these drinks werent invented. My opinion about this book in relation to the major points, themes, and authors point of view is that it was an interesting book, but it was also boring as well. I thought that the themes of the book were great (especially the theme about each drink having a medicinal purpose). That was my favorite theme because just the subject of doctor stuff makes me very interested. The part that made it boring was that I didnt really like reading the spirits section because I thought the author would just get off topic on certain points, and there wasnt anything very interesting in that chapter. But in conclusion the book was good, but I wouldnt really want to read it again.

A History of the World in 6 Glasses free essay sample

A History of the World in 6 Glasses by Tom Standage is about six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) and how they have affected the world in the past and the present. All of these drinks were invented in different eras, and the inventions of these drinks were affected by what had occurred in the time period. There were many historical eras that are covered in the book. Beginning with the Stone Age, which was the time period beer was created. The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods- Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period- each period was based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of the tools. During this time period, people got there food and necessities by hunting and gathering. When beer was discovered/created Mesopotamians started farming rather than hunting and gathering. The second time period in which wine was created was the rise of the Greek and Roman empire. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of the World in 6 Glasses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This time period was based on strong city-states, and when wine was discovered it became a part of Greek and Roman lifestyles. Also political classes were partially based on the type and quality of wine you would drink. Having the access to wine showed whether you were rich or poor, it showed your status in social life. The third time period was the Age of Exploration. During this time period spirits were discovered by the distillation (the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors) of wine. During the Age of Exploration explorers from around the world would sail on ships in search of new land. They searched for new land they could conquer for their country or to find trading routes as well. They also explored to spread their religion, to become famous (if they did discover something), and to get some money as well. This is the time period when America was discovered. Spirits were drunk on ships throughout voyages. They were drunk on voyages because sailors would get a sickness called scurvy (which is a sickness caused by the lack of vitamin C), and the spirit that would cure it was called aqua vitae. The fourth time period is the Age of Reason which was the time period coffee was discovered/created. The Age of Reason represented the way man viewed himself, the pursuit of knowledge, and the universe. The Age of Reason encouraged intellectual freedom, freedom of religious beliefs, and politics. During this period, many people wanted to prove Greek philosophers wrong and rebuild human knowledge. Also during this period, coffee determined social status as well. As coffee grew in its popularity, coffeehouses were being built. Coffeehouses were the place where people could come and talk about politics, news, and gossip. The fifth time period was the Industrial Revolution in England where tea played a major role. Once tea had been discovered people thought it was an interesting drink. One of the main parts of the Industrial Revolution began in England was because of tea. Many people enjoyed drinking tea, so there was a higher demand for tea. To transport tea to Europe faster, it was brought by steam ships. Also because of the higher demand for tea, people began to make machines that would help pack tea. During the eighteenth century to the twenty first century coca-cola was invented/created and has changed over many years. During this time businesses and industries began to grow, manufactured items and technologies were being invented, and the medical field was making big advances. In this period, coca-cola was sold in pharmacies and was used as a medicine. Even coca-cola was a medicine, people still drank it because of its taste and how refreshing it was. So eventually coca-cola became a beverage as well. Throughout all of these eras, these six drinks have evolved and changed the world in many ways (both positively and negatively). There are two reoccurring themes throughout this book. The first theme is how the six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) have impacted the world. The second theme is that each drink has some kind of medicinal purpose. Whether the drink did not work as a medicine or it did. Each drink has changed the world in many ways (good or bad). Starting with beer, beer steered people out of the hunting and gathering way of life into the agricultural lifestyle. People grew grains in order to make beer, but eventually in gave the people the idea that can also grow more crops instead of just grain. Beer drinking was one of the many factors that helped tip the balance away from hunting and gathering and towards farming and sedentary lifestyle based on small settlements. Beer was also safer to drink than water because water was mostly contaminated. In the Stone Age, beer became the main drink, and it is still a popular drink today. Wine has also impacted the world in many ways. If wine hadnt been invented or discovered we would not have vineyard farming today. Wine was a very popular drink during the Roman and Grecian era. In fact wine was the main drink. Greek and Roman men would have get togethers called symposia. The sophisticated, formal, and intellectual atmosphere of the symposion reminded the Greeks of how civilized they were. It reminded that they werent just there to drink wine, they were there to discuss many things as well. Wine determined your rank in social class. As Tom Standage stated Wine was a mark of status. Wine became the main alcoholic drink in this time period and it is still popular today. Wine became so popular that it is in certain religions and even served as offerings to gods/goddesses. Spirits have impacted the world by playing a major role in the trade of slaves. During the triangle trade between Europe, Africa, and the East Indies they traded rum (another kind of spirit), iron, sugarcane, and slaves. During this time wine was used as a form of currency to trade between European slave traders, but they soon realized that brandy was better to trade with. Brandy allowed for alcohol to fit in smaller places inside ships. Also brandy contained more alcohol in it so it stayed fresh longer than wine. European slave started to offer spirits, like brandy, to Africans before they started to trade. . â€Å"The connections between spirits, slaves, and sugar were further strengthened following the invention of a powerful new drink made from the waste products of the sugar-production process itself. That drink was rum. † Coffee has changed the world in many too as well. As coffee became popular it started to become a social drink. Coffeehouses began to open for people to drink some coffee and just talk about stuff. Because of these coffeehouses it opened the minds of people and let them hear others opinions on a certain subject. Eventually these opinions led to discoveries and information that has impacted and changed the world. â€Å"Coffee promoted clarity of thought, making it the ideal drink for scientists, businessmen, and philosophers, stated Standage. Not only do scientists, businessmen, and philosophers drink it, but many people including kids/teens drink it today just to get a boost of energy. A popular coffee store today is Starbucks, and it is opened everywhere around the world. Coffee is in peoples daily routines/lives. Without coffee the world would be really different, so coffee has changed the world a lot. Tea also impacted the world (especially Europe) because it was also a drink that you could socialize with others and still enjoy a nice cup of tea. Tea was a social drink, but it was more formal than other drinks like coffee or alcoholic drinks. Coffeehouses then began to start serving tea. Tea slowly began to become popular, and like coffee tea opened peoples mind and let them listen to others thoughts. Then ideas began to spread again, and those ideas would then impact the world in some way, shape or form. When tea became popular, China opened up trade routes with Europe and the East, and sparked the trading of other goods through Europe. Tea became so popular in Europe, that people began to have tea time. Without tea, China would not have had major trade routes with Europe and the East. Coca-cola has changed the world in many ways as well. Coke is one of the main drinks all across the globe today. It became one of the first carbonated beverages, which eventually sparked the idea of other people making other carbonated drinks. Like other sodas, coke was sold in pharmacies and was originally a patent medicine. But as time went on, people began to drink Coke because it was a refreshing drink, and eventually Coke became a normal beverage. Coke isnt just a normal beverage though because it has impacted the world in the past and still in the present. The second theme of the book is that every drink had a medicinal purpose. â€Å"Beer also had a more direct link to health, for both the Mesopotamians and Egyptians used it medicinally,† says Standage. Beer was used as an alternative for water because water was mostly contaminated and it wasnt very safe to drink. Beer was a safer option because it consisted of boiled water which was less likely to be contaminated. Beer was also used for medicine because it could dissolve ingredients for medicines better than water. Egyptians began to make medicines with beer in it during 1550 BCE. For example they used Half an onion mixed with frothy beer was said to cure constipation, powdered olives mixed with beer cured indigestion, and a mixture of saffron and beer massaged into a womans abdomen was prescribed for labor pains. So Egyptians found many ways to use beer as a medicine. Wine also had some medicinal qualities. For example when warriors/soldiers were injured wine would be used to disinfect their wounds. A doctor named Galen believed that wine could cure colds as well. The better the wine, Galen believed, the more medicinally effective it was. † But once when spirits were discovered, they replaced wine because people believed it worked better than wine. Doctors and other people believed if wine could cure sicknesses so well, then distilled wine (spirits) would have stronger healing powers. People believed this because spirits has a higher alcohol content than wine. Aqua vitae was a spirit that had a higher alcohol content than any other spirit because it had superior healing powers. Aqua vitae was known to treat: diseases of the brain, nerves joints, revive the heart, calm toothaches, cure blindness, and even protect against the plague. Even though aqua vitae is said to cure all of those things, it actually did not cure any of those problems. All aqua vitae did was intoxicate people easily and quickly. Coffee and tea were not really medicinal drinks. People didnt really use them often as medicine. When people would have headaches they would drink coffee to make the pain not as bad because of the effects of caffeine. People drank tea when they had a cold or sore throat to also ease away the pain and suffering. Besides the fact that coffee and tea would stimulate your mind, they did not really have a medicinal use. Coca-cola was originally sold in pharmacies only for medicinal use. The inventor of Coca-cola was John Pemberton. Before coca-cola Pemberton made many medicines in America that were popular. But soon his business began to drop, and he needed to make a new and improved medicine. How Pemberton made Coca-cola is that he was trying to make a medicine that would reduce/get rid of headache pain. Coca-cola is partially made from the coca plant from South America and it had a stimulating effect on people (because if you chewed them they had a little cocaine). At the time doctors did not know that cocaine was an addictive drug, so they used it in their medicine. Pemberton studied the coca plant for years, and he decided to put the plant in his patent medicine. Then years later he added the kola nut for some flavoring, and soon Pemberton made the concoction we know today as Coca-cola. â€Å"It was nonalcoholic and it appealed as both a soda-water flavoring and a patent medicine†. Because Coca-cola was nonalcoholic and had soda-water flavoring made it very popular. In advertisements, Coca-cola was said to cure: nervous affections, headaches, neuralgia, hysteria, and melancholy. The book has affected me in many ways. For example, when I see one of the six drinks I have read, I now know on how it was created and what time periods it was created. The book also helped me realize that anything can actually impact the world greatly. Before I read the book, I thought there was no way six drinks could have impacted the world at all. But after I read the book, I thought/realized that these six drinks have impacted the world so much in so many ways. The themes of A History of the World in 6 Glasses are relevant to todays society. Each drink has changed the world in many ways. For example in Europe, tea was so popular people would have tea time just to enjoy a cup of tea and discuss some things. Tea time still exists in Europe. Wine became so popular that it became a part of many religions and it impacted many religious beliefs. Many people also drink Coca-Cola and coffee often today. People drink coffee in the morning to get a boost of energy to start off their day, and people drink Coke just as a refreshing beverage or at parties. What would the world be like if these six drinks were not invented? There would be no bars, Starbucks, no tea, and no Coke; honestly this would have been a sad world if these drinks werent invented. My opinion about this book in relation to the major points, themes, and authors point of view is that it was an interesting book, but it was also boring as well. I thought that the themes of the book were great (especially the theme about each drink having a medicinal purpose). That was my favorite theme because just the subject of doctor stuff makes me very interested. The part that made it boring was that I didnt really like reading the spirits section because I thought the author would just get off topic on certain points, and there wasnt anything very interesting in that chapter. But in conclusion the book was good, but I wouldnt really want to read it again.

A History of the World in 6 Glasses free essay sample

A History of the World in 6 Glasses by Tom Standage is about six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) and how they have affected the world in the past and the present. All of these drinks were invented in different eras, and the inventions of these drinks were affected by what had occurred in the time period. There were many historical eras that are covered in the book. Beginning with the Stone Age, which was the time period beer was created. The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods- Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period- each period was based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of the tools. During this time period, people got there food and necessities by hunting and gathering. When beer was discovered/created Mesopotamians started farming rather than hunting and gathering. The second time period in which wine was created was the rise of the Greek and Roman empire. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of the World in 6 Glasses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This time period was based on strong city-states, and when wine was discovered it became a part of Greek and Roman lifestyles. Also political classes were partially based on the type and quality of wine you would drink. Having the access to wine showed whether you were rich or poor, it showed your status in social life. The third time period was the Age of Exploration. During this time period spirits were discovered by the distillation (the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors) of wine. During the Age of Exploration explorers from around the world would sail on ships in search of new land. They searched for new land they could conquer for their country or to find trading routes as well. They also explored to spread their religion, to become famous (if they did discover something), and to get some money as well. This is the time period when America was discovered. Spirits were drunk on ships throughout voyages. They were drunk on voyages because sailors would get a sickness called scurvy (which is a sickness caused by the lack of vitamin C), and the spirit that would cure it was called aqua vitae. The fourth time period is the Age of Reason which was the time period coffee was discovered/created. The Age of Reason represented the way man viewed himself, the pursuit of knowledge, and the universe. The Age of Reason encouraged intellectual freedom, freedom of religious beliefs, and politics. During this period, many people wanted to prove Greek philosophers wrong and rebuild human knowledge. Also during this period, coffee determined social status as well. As coffee grew in its popularity, coffeehouses were being built. Coffeehouses were the place where people could come and talk about politics, news, and gossip. The fifth time period was the Industrial Revolution in England where tea played a major role. Once tea had been discovered people thought it was an interesting drink. One of the main parts of the Industrial Revolution began in England was because of tea. Many people enjoyed drinking tea, so there was a higher demand for tea. To transport tea to Europe faster, it was brought by steam ships. Also because of the higher demand for tea, people began to make machines that would help pack tea. During the eighteenth century to the twenty first century coca-cola was invented/created and has changed over many years. During this time businesses and industries began to grow, manufactured items and technologies were being invented, and the medical field was making big advances. In this period, coca-cola was sold in pharmacies and was used as a medicine. Even coca-cola was a medicine, people still drank it because of its taste and how refreshing it was. So eventually coca-cola became a beverage as well. Throughout all of these eras, these six drinks have evolved and changed the world in many ways (both positively and negatively). There are two reoccurring themes throughout this book. The first theme is how the six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) have impacted the world. The second theme is that each drink has some kind of medicinal purpose. Whether the drink did not work as a medicine or it did. Each drink has changed the world in many ways (good or bad). Starting with beer, beer steered people out of the hunting and gathering way of life into the agricultural lifestyle. People grew grains in order to make beer, but eventually in gave the people the idea that can also grow more crops instead of just grain. Beer drinking was one of the many factors that helped tip the balance away from hunting and gathering and towards farming and sedentary lifestyle based on small settlements. Beer was also safer to drink than water because water was mostly contaminated. In the Stone Age, beer became the main drink, and it is still a popular drink today. Wine has also impacted the world in many ways. If wine hadnt been invented or discovered we would not have vineyard farming today. Wine was a very popular drink during the Roman and Grecian era. In fact wine was the main drink. Greek and Roman men would have get togethers called symposia. The sophisticated, formal, and intellectual atmosphere of the symposion reminded the Greeks of how civilized they were. It reminded that they werent just there to drink wine, they were there to discuss many things as well. Wine determined your rank in social class. As Tom Standage stated Wine was a mark of status. Wine became the main alcoholic drink in this time period and it is still popular today. Wine became so popular that it is in certain religions and even served as offerings to gods/goddesses. Spirits have impacted the world by playing a major role in the trade of slaves. During the triangle trade between Europe, Africa, and the East Indies they traded rum (another kind of spirit), iron, sugarcane, and slaves. During this time wine was used as a form of currency to trade between European slave traders, but they soon realized that brandy was better to trade with. Brandy allowed for alcohol to fit in smaller places inside ships. Also brandy contained more alcohol in it so it stayed fresh longer than wine. European slave started to offer spirits, like brandy, to Africans before they started to trade. . â€Å"The connections between spirits, slaves, and sugar were further strengthened following the invention of a powerful new drink made from the waste products of the sugar-production process itself. That drink was rum. † Coffee has changed the world in many too as well. As coffee became popular it started to become a social drink. Coffeehouses began to open for people to drink some coffee and just talk about stuff. Because of these coffeehouses it opened the minds of people and let them hear others opinions on a certain subject. Eventually these opinions led to discoveries and information that has impacted and changed the world. â€Å"Coffee promoted clarity of thought, making it the ideal drink for scientists, businessmen, and philosophers, stated Standage. Not only do scientists, businessmen, and philosophers drink it, but many people including kids/teens drink it today just to get a boost of energy. A popular coffee store today is Starbucks, and it is opened everywhere around the world. Coffee is in peoples daily routines/lives. Without coffee the world would be really different, so coffee has changed the world a lot. Tea also impacted the world (especially Europe) because it was also a drink that you could socialize with others and still enjoy a nice cup of tea. Tea was a social drink, but it was more formal than other drinks like coffee or alcoholic drinks. Coffeehouses then began to start serving tea. Tea slowly began to become popular, and like coffee tea opened peoples mind and let them listen to others thoughts. Then ideas began to spread again, and those ideas would then impact the world in some way, shape or form. When tea became popular, China opened up trade routes with Europe and the East, and sparked the trading of other goods through Europe. Tea became so popular in Europe, that people began to have tea time. Without tea, China would not have had major trade routes with Europe and the East. Coca-cola has changed the world in many ways as well. Coke is one of the main drinks all across the globe today. It became one of the first carbonated beverages, which eventually sparked the idea of other people making other carbonated drinks. Like other sodas, coke was sold in pharmacies and was originally a patent medicine. But as time went on, people began to drink Coke because it was a refreshing drink, and eventually Coke became a normal beverage. Coke isnt just a normal beverage though because it has impacted the world in the past and still in the present. The second theme of the book is that every drink had a medicinal purpose. â€Å"Beer also had a more direct link to health, for both the Mesopotamians and Egyptians used it medicinally,† says Standage. Beer was used as an alternative for water because water was mostly contaminated and it wasnt very safe to drink. Beer was a safer option because it consisted of boiled water which was less likely to be contaminated. Beer was also used for medicine because it could dissolve ingredients for medicines better than water. Egyptians began to make medicines with beer in it during 1550 BCE. For example they used Half an onion mixed with frothy beer was said to cure constipation, powdered olives mixed with beer cured indigestion, and a mixture of saffron and beer massaged into a womans abdomen was prescribed for labor pains. So Egyptians found many ways to use beer as a medicine. Wine also had some medicinal qualities. For example when warriors/soldiers were injured wine would be used to disinfect their wounds. A doctor named Galen believed that wine could cure colds as well. The better the wine, Galen believed, the more medicinally effective it was. † But once when spirits were discovered, they replaced wine because people believed it worked better than wine. Doctors and other people believed if wine could cure sicknesses so well, then distilled wine (spirits) would have stronger healing powers. People believed this because spirits has a higher alcohol content than wine. Aqua vitae was a spirit that had a higher alcohol content than any other spirit because it had superior healing powers. Aqua vitae was known to treat: diseases of the brain, nerves joints, revive the heart, calm toothaches, cure blindness, and even protect against the plague. Even though aqua vitae is said to cure all of those things, it actually did not cure any of those problems. All aqua vitae did was intoxicate people easily and quickly. Coffee and tea were not really medicinal drinks. People didnt really use them often as medicine. When people would have headaches they would drink coffee to make the pain not as bad because of the effects of caffeine. People drank tea when they had a cold or sore throat to also ease away the pain and suffering. Besides the fact that coffee and tea would stimulate your mind, they did not really have a medicinal use. Coca-cola was originally sold in pharmacies only for medicinal use. The inventor of Coca-cola was John Pemberton. Before coca-cola Pemberton made many medicines in America that were popular. But soon his business began to drop, and he needed to make a new and improved medicine. How Pemberton made Coca-cola is that he was trying to make a medicine that would reduce/get rid of headache pain. Coca-cola is partially made from the coca plant from South America and it had a stimulating effect on people (because if you chewed them they had a little cocaine). At the time doctors did not know that cocaine was an addictive drug, so they used it in their medicine. Pemberton studied the coca plant for years, and he decided to put the plant in his patent medicine. Then years later he added the kola nut for some flavoring, and soon Pemberton made the concoction we know today as Coca-cola. â€Å"It was nonalcoholic and it appealed as both a soda-water flavoring and a patent medicine†. Because Coca-cola was nonalcoholic and had soda-water flavoring made it very popular. In advertisements, Coca-cola was said to cure: nervous affections, headaches, neuralgia, hysteria, and melancholy. The book has affected me in many ways. For example, when I see one of the six drinks I have read, I now know on how it was created and what time periods it was created. The book also helped me realize that anything can actually impact the world greatly. Before I read the book, I thought there was no way six drinks could have impacted the world at all. But after I read the book, I thought/realized that these six drinks have impacted the world so much in so many ways. The themes of A History of the World in 6 Glasses are relevant to todays society. Each drink has changed the world in many ways. For example in Europe, tea was so popular people would have tea time just to enjoy a cup of tea and discuss some things. Tea time still exists in Europe. Wine became so popular that it became a part of many religions and it impacted many religious beliefs. Many people also drink Coca-Cola and coffee often today. People drink coffee in the morning to get a boost of energy to start off their day, and people drink Coke just as a refreshing beverage or at parties. What would the world be like if these six drinks were not invented? There would be no bars, Starbucks, no tea, and no Coke; honestly this would have been a sad world if these drinks werent invented. My opinion about this book in relation to the major points, themes, and authors point of view is that it was an interesting book, but it was also boring as well. I thought that the themes of the book were great (especially the theme about each drink having a medicinal purpose). That was my favorite theme because just the subject of doctor stuff makes me very interested. The part that made it boring was that I didnt really like reading the spirits section because I thought the author would just get off topic on certain points, and there wasnt anything very interesting in that chapter. But in conclusion the book was good, but I wouldnt really want to read it again.

Opposing viewpoints of two authors Essays - Animal Welfare

Opposing viewpoints of two authors According to the news paper's editorial board, "Few people knew how easy it is to own a wild animal as a pet. Or how potentially tragic " ( 306) . A two year old Florida girl was attacked by a 12 feet long python which was the family's pet. It later got out of its own space and attacked the little girl. According to Zuzana Kukol, "Responsible private ownership of exotic animals should be legal if the animal welfare is taken care of" (307). Terry Thompson was not a responsible owner. He had charges of animal abuse and criminal record. We have no control over insane people. What he did was selfish and insane. The news paper's editorial board is more credible, because it has more examples and viewpoi nts that supported the argument. The audience of the first side are adults who have kids. The reason why they would be against having wild animals as a pet, is because they don't want to risk their kid's life. The audience for the second side are irresponsible middle clas s teenagers, who have little income that want a wild animal for couple of hundred dollars.