Student Life

Your test will be various decision Exam # 1 Introductory Chemistry Be certain to show your set up for every single numerical issue. Your answers must have the right number of critical digits and the right units. I. Science is a quantitative science along these lines we should make estimations. All estimations have a vulnerability that we should know about in our figurings. A. We should have the option to decide the quantity of huge figures in an estimation. For the accompanying estimation express the quantity of critical figures. (4pts) 1. 1. 000 cm 2. 2. 590 x 10-5 m 4 3. . 020 g 4. 1000 cm 2 1 B. We should have the option to include, take away, duplicate, and partition with estimations. Tackle the accompanying issues. (4 pts) 1. 3. 02 cm + 5 cm + 0. 002 cm = 8 cm 3. 2. 0 cm x 2. 00 cm x 2. 000 cm = 8. 0 cm3 2. 5. 35 g †0. 005 g = 5. 35 g 4. 7. 89 g/5. 2 mL = 1. 5 g/mL B. It is frequently important to change over starting with one unit then onto the next. This is effectively cu ltivated with the correct unit factor. Tackle the accompanying issues. 1. During the last six lunar arrivals 842 pounds of Moon tests have been gathered. What is this mass communicated in kilograms? ( 2. pounds = 1 kilograms) (4 pts) 842 lbs x 1 kg/2. 2 lbs = 382. 7272727 kg = 380 kg 2. On the off chance that a 250 mL measuring utencil weighs 95. 4 g, what is the mass in kilograms? (4 pts) 95. 4 g x 1kg/1000g = 0. 0954 kg = 9. 54 x 10-3 kg 3. On the off chance that the range of an oxygen particle is 6. 6 x 10 (5 pts) 6. 6 x 10 â€10 dm x 1 m/10 dm x 109 nm/1 m = 6. 6 x 10-2 nm - 10 dm, what is the range in nm? 1 C. Physicists frequently manage percent issues. For whatever length of time that you recollect that percent alludes to per 100, these issues can be comprehended. 1. A penny stamped after 1982 is made out of copper and zinc as it were. In the event that a penny has a mass of 2. 07 g and is 2. 50 % copper. What is the mass of zinc in the coin? (5 pts) 2. 507 g x 2. 50/100 = 0. 062675 g of Cu 2. 507 g of penny †0. 062675 g of Cu = 2. 444325 g = 2. 444 g of Zn (2. 44 g of Zn is right additionally) D. Thickness is a significant idea for scientist. The thickness of a substance can be acquired in a science research center. 1. An elastic plug with a mass of 23. 75 g is dropped in a 50-mL graduated chamber that has 20. 4 mL of water. After the plug is dropped in the graduated chamber, the water level ascents to 24. 7 mL. What is the thickness of the elastic plug? 5 pts) 2. 375 g/(24. 7 mL †20. 4 mL) = 5. 523255814 g/mL = 5. 52 g/mL (5. 5 g/mL is acknowledged) We can make forecasts if the thickness is known. 2. A glass chamber contains four fluid layers: mercury (d = 13. 6 g/mL), chloroform (d = 1. 49 g/mL), water (d = 1. 00 g/mL), ether (d = 0. 708 g/mL). In the event that a bit of ice (d = 0. 917 g/mL) is dropped into the chamber, where does it stopped? Why? (5 pts) The mercury layer will be on the base, at that point the chloroform, at that point the water, lastly the ether. The ice will soak in the ether layer and buoy on the water layer. On the off chance that the thickness is know, we would we be able to can locate the mass of a given volume or the volume of a given mass. 3. The thickness of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. What volume will 250 g of Al possess? What is the mass of a bit of aluminum with a volume of 250 mL? (6 pts) 250 g of Al x 1 mL/2. 70 g = 92. 59259259 mL = 93 mL 250 mL of Al x 2. 70 g/1 mL = 675 g = 680 g 2 Using the thickness esteem we can by implication acquire separations that are too little to even think about measuring straightforwardly. 4. An example of aluminum foil has a length of 10. 0 cm and a width of 5. 7 cm. In the event that the aluminum foil gauges 0. 234 g, what is the thickness of the aluminum foil? Recollect that the thickness of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. (6 pts) Volume of Al = length x width x thickness = mass/thickness 0. 234 g x 1 mL/2. 70 g = 0. 0866666666 mL 0. 086666666 mL/10. 0 cm x 5. 7 cm = 0. 001520467 cm = 1. 5 x 10 â€3 cm E. Warmth and temperature are two significant ideas. 1. In your own words, it would be ideal if you express the contrast among warmth and temperature. What is a typical unit of each? (5 pts) Heat gauges the all out vitality of an example and temperature measure the force of warmth or the normal warmth of an example. A typical unit of warmth is a calorie and a typical unit of temperature is Kelvin. It is imperative to have the option to change over starting with one temperature unit then onto the next. 2. Aluminum softens at 1220 F. (You can perceive any reason why aluminum is anything but a fluid at room temperature) What is the dissolving purpose of aluminum in degree Celsius ( C) and in Kelvin o C (6 pts) (K)? (oF †32 oF) x 100 oC = 180 oF (1220 oF †32)(100/180) = 660 oC 660 oC + 273 = 933 K o 3. Give the particles present and their relative numbers in potassium sulfate. a) b) c) d) e) 1K+ and 1 SO42K+ and 1 SO321K+ and 2 SO422K+ and 1 SO423K+ and 1 SO43-3 4. What number of cm2 are in a zone of 4. 21in2? a. b. c. d. e. 10. 7 cm2 114 cm2 27. cm2 1. 66 cm2 1. 14 cm2 5. In playing out a multistep count, when would it be advisable for you to adjust the appropriate response in the mini-computer show? (5 pts) In a multistep estimation you ought to adjust the appropriate response toward the finish of the computation E. Matter and Energy. 1. We learned four terms in part 4 , heterogeneous blend, homogeneous blend, compound, and component. Please a case of each. (8 pts) A case of a heterogeneous blend is the earth’s outside layer. A heterogeneous blend can be isolated into unadulterated substances by physical techniques. A case of a homogeneous blend is salt water. The properties of a homogeneous blend steady for a given example. A case of a compound is NaCl. A compound can be separated into components by common synthetic responses. A case of a component is Na. A component is a substance that can not be separated further by a synthetic response. 2. Match Symbols and Names (10 pts) 1. sodium 2. iron 3. carbon 4. nitrogen 5. phosphorous d c e b an a. P b. N c. Fe d. Na e. C 4 1. Cl 2. Ce 3. Cu 4. Co 5. Ca e c b d an a. Calcium b. Copper c. Cesium d. Cobalt e. Chlorine 3. Give a model for every one of the accompanying terms: (8 pts) a. hysical property †Appearance, softening point, breaking point, thickness, heat and electrical conductivity, dissolvability, and physical state under typical conditions are generally instances of physical properties. b. compound property †A concoction property of a substance depicts its synthetic responses with different substances. The substance property of sodium expresses that sodium will respond with wa ter to frame hydrogen gas. c. physical change †A physical change incorporate evolving shape, volume, or physical state. For instance when water changes to ice. d. synthetic change †A concoction change consistently includes the arrangement of another substance. Gas rises from the response of calcium with water. Fill in the spaces of the accompanying table Symbol number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons mass number 37 Cl17 20 18 48 Cr3+ 24 21 24 Mg 12 37 48 24 Might not be on test. Ask educator. Chlorine has two stable isotopes with masses of 34. 97 amu and 36. 97 amu. What is the overall plenitude of the two isotopes? a. b. c. d. e. 50. 00% 35Cl and 50. 00 % 37Cl 35. 45% 35Cl and 64. 55 % 37Cl 64. 55% 35Cl and 35. 45% 37Cl 24. 23% 35Cl and 75. 77 % 37Cl 75. 77 % 35Cl and 24. 23 % 37Cl 5 Understudy Life Your test will be different decision Exam # 1 Introductory Chemistry Be certain to show your set up for every scientific issue. Your answers must have the right number of critical digits and the right units. I. Science is a quantitative science in this way we should make estimations. All estimations have a vulnerability that we should know about in our computations. A. We should have the option to decide the quantity of critical figures in an estimation. For the accompanying estimation express the quantity of huge figures. (4pts) 1. 1. 000 cm 2. 2. 590 x 10-5 m 4 3. . 020 g 4. 1000 cm 2 1 B. We should have the option to include, deduct, duplicate, and partition with estimations. Take care of the accompanying issues. (4 pts) 1. 3. 02 cm + 5 cm + 0. 002 cm = 8 cm 3. 2. 0 cm x 2. 00 cm x 2. 000 cm = 8. 0 cm3 2. 5. 35 g †0. 005 g = 5. 35 g 4. 7. 89 g/5. 2 mL = 1. 5 g/mL B. It is frequently important to change over starting with one unit then onto the next. This is handily cultivated with the correct unit factor. Take care of the accompanying issues. 1. During the last six lunar arrivals 842 pounds of Moon tests have been gathered. What is this mass communicated in kilograms? ( 2. pounds = 1 kilograms) (4 pts) 842 lbs x 1 kg/2. 2 lbs = 382. 7272727 kg = 380 kg 2. In the event that a 250 mL recepticle weighs 95. 4 g, what is the mass in kilograms? (4 pts) 95. 4 g x 1kg/1000g = 0. 0954 kg = 9. 54 x 10-3 kg 3. In the event that the span of an oxygen particle is 6. 6 x 10 (5 pts) 6. 6 x 10 â€10 dm x 1 m/10 dm x 109 nm/1 m = 6. 6 x 10-2 nm - 10 dm, what is the span in nm? 1 C. Scientists frequently manage percent issues. For whatever length of time that you recall that percent alludes to per 100, these issues can be illuminated. 1. A penny stamped after 1982 is made out of copper and zinc as it were. On the off chance that a penny has a mass of 2. 07 g and is 2. 50 % copper. What is the mass of zinc in the coin? (5 pts) 2. 507 g x 2. 50/100 = 0. 062675 g of Cu 2. 507 g of penny †0. 062675 g of Cu = 2. 444325 g = 2. 444 g of Zn (2. 44 g of Zn is right additionally) D. Thickness is a significant idea for scientist. The thickness of a substance can be acquired in a science research facility. 1. An elastic plug with a mass of 23. 75 g is dropped in a 50-mL graduated chamber that has 20. 4 mL of water. After the plug is dropped in the graduated chamber, the water level ascents to 24. 7 mL. What is the thickness of the elastic plug? 5 pts) 2. 375 g/(24. 7 mL †20. 4 mL) = 5. 523255814 g/mL = 5. 52 g/mL (5. 5 g/mL is acknowledged) We can make forecasts if the thickness is known. 2. A glass chamber contains four fluid layers: mercury (d = 13. 6 g/mL), chloroform (d = 1. 49 g/mL), water (d = 1. 00 g/mL), ether (d = 0. 708 g/mL). On the off chance that a bit of ice (d = 0. 917 g/mL) is dropped into the chamber, where does it stopped? Why? (5 pts) The mercury layer will be on the base, at that point

The Bill in Legislation Requiring BSN within 10 Years of Graduating Assignment

The Bill in Legislation Requiring BSN inside 10 Years of Graduating - Assignment Example Larger part of New Jersey State Nurses Association (NJSNA) individuals have casted a ballot to help this enactment at the March 31, 2006 gathering. In 1999, Harris Poll directed an across the country study wherein the outcomes showed that 76 percent of the open feel that medical attendants ought to have at any rate four years of undergrad training for adequate planning. In 1978, the American Nurses Association (ANA) House of Delegates suggested that by 1985, the groundwork for passage into proficient practice would be a baccalaureate degree. This was favored by their 1965 position paper that was motivated by the Comprehensive Nurse Training Act in 1964. This spurred audits on nursing duties, practice, and training. There are numerous reasons why various gatherings are pushing for the instructive progression of enrolled medical caretakers. One significant object is to advance proficient practices. It is accepted this may advance a more elevated level of understanding the intricacy of human services assets noteworthy in thinking about patients. As per the Journal of the American Medical Association, an investigation directed by Linda Aiken and her partners closed, â€Å"In emergency clinics with higher extents of attendants instructed at the baccalaureate level or higher, careful patients experienced lower mortality and inability to-safeguard rate† (2003). ... Adequate scholarly arrangement encourages medical attendants to be fair with different fields in social insurance. Furthermore, appropriate training supports proof based practice which is handier in the nursing calling. This essentialness will at that point offer approach to proficient coordinated effort. Schools will have more chances to join forces with important businesses. Subsequently, this bill will build the capability of employees. Those with bachelor’s degrees are relied upon to propel their tutoring by seeking after master’s programs. As the necessity for understudies become all the more convincing, personnel guidelines must be developed. These instructive changes, at last look for the upgrade of the nursing practice. This methodology keeps up its regard for every single instructive passage while tending to the developing abilities required. For those with partner degrees, they may keep rehearsing while at the same time encouraging their nursing instruction. F or example, an enlisted nurture with a partner degree may keep on working while at the same time completing his bachelor’s certificate. As of now, there are more schools working with different organizations to convey inventive and adaptable methods. Medical clinics and different sorts of social insurance offices can likewise propel themselves with the declaration of this bill. With more staff having recognized instruction, a foundation makes its odds higher to be licensed by the Magnet Recognition Program which is being directed by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). Medicinal services offices that get this acknowledgment pride themselves with remarkable patient consideration and nursing administrations. Backers The bill is being supported by Senator Stavisky and Assembly Member Morelle. These two administrators share shared conviction in regards to their experience and accentuation on

Biotransformation And Elimination Of Drugs Biology Essay

Biotransformation And Elimination Of Drugs Biology Essay Liver assumes a huge job in the digestion of an enormous number of medications and poisons. Hepatic medication digestion includes different procedures, extensively named Phase 1 (functionalisation) and Phase 2 (conjugation). Glucuronidation catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGTs) assumes a key job in the Phase 2 digestion of countless medications just as numerous endogenous substrates, similar to bilirubin, steroids and so forth., by expanding the hydrophilicity and leeway. UGTs are adaptable chemicals, regarding expansive, yet covering substrate particularity, nearness of various isoforms, hereditary polymorphisms and so forth. Organic frameworks are perceived to be stereoselective in nature. An enormous number of medications, about half of all promoted drugs exist as either single enantiomers or racemates. Hence stereoselective conduct of medications assumes a significant job in tranquilize activity just as aura (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination). The point of this task is to distinguish the enantio-selectivity of medications towards glucuronidation by UGT and furthermore to recognize whether enantio-selectivity is connected to explicit isoforms of UGT. Moreover, anticipating the enantiomeric conduct of medications may likewise help in excusing in-sillico demonstrating of medication digestion and in this manner foreseeing digestion of new concoction elements (NCEs) 1. Presentation Biotransformation and end of medications from the body includes a few distinctive metabolic courses. These metabolic pathways are extensively characterized into Phase 1 (functionalisation) and Phase 2 (conjugation) tranquilize digestion. Stage 1 metabolic pathway includes changing the medication into a progressively polar usefulness, through different responses like, oxidation, decrease, hydrolysis, isomerisation, etc relying upon the compound idea of the medication. These responses are catalyzed by proteins, for example, Cytochrome P450, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, acetlycholineestrase and so on. Result of Phase 1 medication digestion may then go about as a substrate for Phase 2 digestion. This stage comprises of conjugation of the medication substrate with endogenous ligands prompting expanded extremity, hydrophilicity and subsequently disposal of the medication from body through bile or pee. Conjugation responses incorporate glucuronidation, glycosidation, sulfation, methylation and so on. These responses are catalyzed by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, UDP-Glycosyltransferase, Sulfotransferase, Methyltransferase separately. Among these, glucuronidation is the most pervasive conjugation response in the body. [1] 2. GLUCURONIDATION Glucuronidation is the most widely recognized response in Phase 2 medication digestion. This conjugation response which is catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, frames about 35% of all medications utilized by conjugation. This is principally because of the bounty in living frameworks of UDP-glucuronic corrosive, the co-factor for the response, just as because of the unavoidable idea of the compound, UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs). [1] [2] The procedure of glucuronidation includes: I. Arrangement of co-factor (UDP-glucuronic corrosive) II. Conjugation of UDP-glucuronic corrosive with substrate The arrangement of co-factor (UDP-glucuronic corrosive) This comprises of a two stage process: 1. Arrangement of UDP-glucose Glucose-1-phosphate is available in high fixations in practically all phones of the body. The principal phase of glucuronidation is identified with glycogen combination through the basic moderate, UDP-glucose. The arrangement of UDP-glucose happens by expansion of a Uridine 5-diphosphate (UDP), a pyrophosphate nucleotide in cells, to a particle of Glucose-1-phosphate. The response is catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase chemical. [1] [3] 2. Dehydrogenation of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic corrosive The above advance is trailed by dehydrogenation of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic corrosive, catalyzed by the compound UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, within the sight of NAD+ co-factor. [3] Conjugation of the substrate with UDP-glucuronic corrosive Conjugation response includes move of one Þâ ±-D-glucuronic corrosive moiety from the co-substrate UDP-glucuronic corrosive (UDPGA), which go about as a vitality rich middle, to frame the glucuronide conjugate of the medication atom. The response is catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) chemical. The response is seen as a bimolecular nucleophilic replacement (SN2), whereby the C1 carbon of glucuronic corrosive, which is in Þâ ±-arrangement, during its response with the substrate alters to frame a Þâ ²-D-glucuronide. [3] [4]. The glucuronide framed is discharged by means of pee or bile, contingent upon the synthetic nature and atomic load of the conjugate. [1] [2] The whole response is summed up underneath: Figure: 1: Glucuronidation Pathway prompting arrangement of ether glucuronide. [3] 2.1 PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In light of the useful gathering of the substrate particle, the accompanying kinds of glucuronide conjugates might be framed; [1] O-Glucuronide They are framed from Phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acids. O-gulcuronides are primarily discharged in to bile and may experience entero-hepatic course. Instances of medications: Morphine, Chloramphenicol, Salicylic corrosive, Clofibrate. Figure: 2 O-Glucuronidation of Morphine [5] [6] UGT Enzyme UDPGA N-glucuronide They are shaped by the response of UDP-glucuronic corrosive (UDPGA) with amines, amides and so on. For example Sulfanilamide, Cyproheptidine, Dapsone S-Glucuronide Response of thiol bunches with UDPGA in nearness of UDP-gucuronosyl transferase brings about S-glucuronides. E.g.Disulfiram, 2-Mercapto benzothiazole C-glucuronide It is an exceptional metabolic pathway that happens because of the immediate connection of UDPGA to the carbon skeleton of medications. For example Sulfinpyrazone [1] [3] 3. UDP-GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASE (UGT) ENZYMES 3.1 SITE UGT catalysts are available in individuals and most different warm blooded creatures. The protein is situated in numerous tissues of the body, for the most part in liver yet additionally in kidney, lungs, small digestive tract, spleen, adrenals and skin, to a lesser broaden. Inside the cell, UGTs are bound to the layers of endoplasmic reticulum. A large portion of the Phase 1 metabolic compounds, including cytochrome P450s, are situated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Along these lines endoplasmic reticulum is viewed as a perfect site for UGT chemicals, as it encourages glucuronide conjugation of Phase 1 substrates. [1] 3.2 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS UDP-glucuronosyl transferase catalyst doesn't contain a prosthetic gathering. The monomeric atomic load of the catalyst whenever saw as between 50-60 kilo Daltons. The protein succession of the chemical shows slight varieties between every individual structure. A full length precious stone structure of UGTs is yet to be settled, in spite of the fact that gem structure of the coupling space for UDP-glucuronic corrosive in human UGT2B7 has been distributed (by Miley et.al. 2007) [1] [2] 3.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Notwithstanding being a significant compound associated with Phase 2 medication digestion, UGT catalysts play various different jobs in the body. Numerous endogenous mixes, for example, bilirubin, steroid hormones (for example thyroxine, triiodothyronine) and catechols (got from catecholamine digestion), go about as substrates for UGT chemicals. Every one of these mixes are conceivably unsafe whenever gathered in the body. Insufficiency of UGT catalyst results in hyperbilirubinaemia. Innate sicknesses like Gilberts condition and Cringler-Najjars disorder are related with hereditary polymorphisms of UGT quality [7]. Aside from demeanor of endogenous poisons, the compound additionally catalyzes glucuronidation of different exogenous synthetic concoctions and aides in bodys resistance contrary to poisonous standards [1] [8] 3.4 MULTIPLE FORMS Different types of UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) catalysts have been related to the assistance of studies dependent on sanitization, portrayal of chemicals, sub-atomic cloning, DNA sequencing and so on. Around 50 vertebrate UGTs have been recognized among which 19 are found in people. UGT compounds are partitioned in to families and sub-families dependent on likeness of their amino corrosive arrangements. Two proteins are in a similar family if the likeness of their amino corrosive groupings is over half and will be gathered into a similar subfamily is comparability is more prominent than 60%. [1] [2] Terminology Disparate advancement and succession closeness shapes the premise of classification of UGT proteins. Name of the compound comprises of 4 sections: [1] Root Symbol The root image UGT represents UDP-glucuronosyl transferase. Family It is signified by Arabic number. For example 1, 2 and so on Sub-family Assigned by a capitalized letter set Singular Form An Arabic numeral is utilized for special distinguishing proof of the individual type of the compound. For example UGT2B4, UGT1A6 [1] Mammalian UGTs are partitioned in to four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3 and UGT8. Among these, just UGT1 and UGT2 catalyzes conjugation of glucuronide and henceforth are talked about further. UGT1A group of catalysts are found to contain 9 practical proteins and are coded for by a solitary quality complex situated at chromosome 2q37. The qualities coding for this compound have regular exons 2-5 (locale of quality which codes for the carboxyl end of the chemical) and a variable exon 1. The main exon is answerable for coding the N-terminal area of the protein and this clarifies why the catalysts are substrate explicit regardless of have a typical C-terminal [1] [2] UGT2 chemical family, particularly UGT2B assumes a fundamental job in the digestion of xenobiotics and endogenous ligands. Qualities coding for UGT2 family proteins are arranged on chromosome 4q13. On account of UGT2B sub family, protein successions at the C-terminal, offers ascend to the UDP-glucuronic corrosive restricting area just as aides in tying down of the protein to layer of endoplasmic reticulum. UGT2A subfamily is less contemplated and don't assume a critical job in fundamental digestion. UGT2A1 is available in olfactory epithelia and to a lesser stretch out in cells of mind and lungs. UGT2A2 in liver and small digestive tract, while UGT2A3 in small digestive tract

A Report on Financial Ratios of Santos Limited Company - 3575 Words

A Report on Financial Ratios of Santos Limited Company (Coursework Sample) Content: A Report on Financial Ratios of Santos Limited Company(Students Name)(Universitys Name)Significance of measuring of Organizational PerformanceOrganizational performance measurement is among the most popular terms used in the modern public sector management terminology. The idea of measuring the organizational performance is widely adopted and accepted worldwide. Moreover, this idea has dramatically extended in both public and private sectors. In fact, in todays businesses, managers do more than just setting the organizational goals. They employ accounting tools to measure the organizations' performance. Performance refers to the process of doing some tasks in an organization as well as achieving the intended goals. Generally, performance is said to be the outcome of work because the employees in an organization provide the strongest linkages of the strategic goals to be achieved. Performance measurement is composed of various methods such as collecting, analyzing and reporting relevant information regarding the overall performance of an organization, group or individual.In the contemporary world, most of the organizations employ cost accounting and financial accounting methods to measure the organization performance. For this reason, Santos Limited one of the Australias largest producers of oil and gas to the domestic market should employ these accounting concepts to measure its performance. According to CITATION Raj10 \l 1033 (Rajasekaran Lalitha 2010), cost accounting is a branch of accounting that measure, classifies and also records costs incurred by an organization in a particular financial year. On the other hand, financial accounting gathers and also summarizes the overall financial data in order to prepare financial reports, such as income statements, balance sheets for the company's management, lenders, stakeholders, and investors. The accounting tools exhibit the aims and importance of measuring the organizations' performance.Measu ring performance is a crucial role and it aims at assessing the value of all the employees in an organization as well as the management activities. Further, performance measuring also aims at providing necessary useful insights in a company for conducting annual reviews of the employees and the managers. Metrics such as margins, growth, market share, retention or customers satisfaction are also the objectives of measuring the performance of a company. Richard, Devinney etal.(2009) asserts that financial measures mainly from archival data, like return on sales (ROA), profit and sales are vital in measuring the firm's performance. This archival data measures the firms performance by communicating financial information to the decision makers to help them in planning, evaluating and controlling activities in the business, which is the main objective CITATION Bha11 \l 1033 (Debarshi 2011). Managers are able to make well-versed decisions for the future of the organization since organiz ational behaviors, and research is regularly monitored and measured CITATION Moh12 \l 1033 (Zairi 2012). It ensures that decision making is based on facts but not on emotions. Therefore, measuring an organizations performance becomes an important element, especially in empirical research.Additionally, performance measurement enhances the companys delivery of services and goods. Communication among the internal employees is improved through measurement as well as the external communication of investors, customers and stakeholders, thus ensuring delivery of goods and services. Measuring determines how a companys operational efficiency and the overall effectiveness. Thus, it is significant to ensure a consistent monitoring of the organizational measurement so as to ensure feasibility and guidance in achieving the firms goals.In fact, the accountant in Santos can use the financial information contained in financial statements of the financial year 2013/2014 to compute the company's rat io that will help decision-makers in the company make informed decisions.Summarized table for the ratio CalculationsYEAR 2013 2014 Profitability Net profit margin 1 % - 23.16 % Gross Profit 1 % 1 % Return on Assets 1 % -4.18 % Earnings per Share 0.53 -9.56 Efficiency Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio 4.54 times per year 6.38 times per year Inventory Turnover Ratio 5.98 times 6.54 times Short-Term Solvency Current Ratio 1.20 1.06 Acid Test Ratio 0.96 0.83 Cash Flow from Operations to Liabilities Ratio 0.94 0.95 Long-Term Solvency Debt to Equity Ratio 101.81 % 137.38% Debt to Total Assets Ratio 1 % 57.87% Market Based Price Earnings Ratio 0.276 times 0.086 times Dividend Yield Ratio 0.027 cents 0.023 cents Trends of Ratios in Santos Limited for 2013/2014 financial year * ProfitabilityDaly (2002) points out that profitability is the capability of a firm to earn a profit. Profitability ratios compare the income statements accounts so as to portray the capability of a firm to make profits from its operations. Creditors and investors make use of these profitability ratios to judge a companys return on investment as it is based on the relative level of assets and resources. Profitability ratios are comprised of various ratios such as net profit margin, gross profit, return on assets and earnings per share.As addressed by CITATION Cha12 \l 1033 (Gibson 2012) net profit margin refers to the percentage of revenue left after costs incurred in running a firm has been deducted from sales. In 2013, Santos had a net profit of 14.33 % while in the subsequent year 2014 the net profit greatly dropped by 37.49 to record a negative figure of -23.16 %. According to these results of the net profit margin, Santos Limited prices its products inappropriately and it does not practice good cost control methods.Gross profit ratio estimates the percentage of the total sales that exceeds the cost of the goods sold. It measures how a company uses its labor and materials efficiently to manufacture and sell products profitably. In 2013, Santos limited had a gross profit of 30.46% which slightly dropped by 2.27%, to record a percentage of 28.19% in 2014. This trend shows that Santos sells its inventory at low profits percentage which results in minimal profits. Low gross profit ratios are unfavorable to the company. It is likely to be caused by low sale prices of products with corresponding increases in costs incurred.On the other hand, return on assets (ROA) quantifies the net income generated from the total assets during a particular period of time. Santos has ROA of 2.50% in 2013 which drastically decreased by 6.68 % to a figure of -4.18% in the subsequent year, 2014. This trend presented that Santos is unfavorable for investors to invest in its Company because of the low percentage of ROA. Consequently, the negative decrease in the years shows losses incurred by the firm.According to CITATION Raj10 \l 1033 (Rajasekaran Lalitha 2010) earnings per share prove s the ability of a firm to pay off its dividends. Besides, investors and shareholders are able to know how profitable a firm is. In 2013, Santos had a total of 0.53 earnings per share, which decreased by 10.09 to record a negative figure of -9.56 in the successive year 2014. The trend shows that Santos has a decrease in its inventory price to pay off its dividends. * EfficiencyThe account receivable turnover ratio reveals the times a firm is capable of turning all its accounts receivable into money in a financial year. In 2013, Santos had a ratio of 4.54 times which slightly increased in the following year 2014 by a ration1.84 to record 6.38. An increase in account receivable turnover shows that Santos collected more receivables in the financial, thus becoming favorable to stakeholders.Inventory turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that shows how the stock is effectively used in a company. In other words, inventory turnover ratio determines the number of times the average stock is turned or sold in a financial year. Santos had a ratio of 5.98 in 2013 and it slightly increased in 2014 to 6.54. This proved that with no doubts, the company can convert its entire inventory into cash since it does not overspend by buying unnecessary stock. It is also proves that Santos had high sales which resulted in high performance, thus increasing the companys efficiency. * Short-Term SolvencyGitman McDaniel (2007) notes that current ratio is an efficiency and liquidity ratio that measures the liquidity as well as the efficiency ratio of the potential of a firm to repay its short-term liabilities with the current assets owned by the firm. It is a vital measure of liquidity since most of the short-term liabilities are due to the successive financial year. Current assets include marketable securities, cash and cash equivalents .Santos had a ratio of 1.20 in 2013 and it decreased in the consecutive year to a ratio of 1.06. It shows that Santos cannot pay off its current liabilit ies easily with the current assets.Acid Test Ratio is a liquidity ratio that proves the ability of a firm to repay its current liabilities when the costs exist due with only quick assets, which can be converted into cash within 90days. Quick assets in a company may include cash equivalents, ca...

Barbie A New Campaign Promoting Empowering Girls Essay

Recently Barbie launched a new campaign promoting empowering girls to be anything they want to be. The viral spot created by BBDO brings the idea that Barbie helps to inspire children for the future. In my opinion, BBDO’s project was made in an insightful and holistic way because the concept and the execution work together and speak exactly to the target audience. Barbie is the worldwide brand of fashion dolls manufactured by the American toy-company Mattel, Inc. Nevertheless. Today Barbie is not just a toy, but an entire corporation; she has a sweetheart Ken, a family, friends, animals as well as a house, a car and designers’ clothes. Since the first launch in March 1959, Barbie became an icon: she was sold in 150 countries and still remains the world s most popular doll. According to Mattel, nowadays, three plastic, 11.5 inch Barbie dolls are sold every second. Nowadays, Barbie is considered the possible cause for young girls’ body dissatisfaction (e.g., anorexia and/or bulimia). This fact caused huge damage to the image of the brand and resulted in a sharp declining of overall sales of the Barbie dolls. Mattel has reported the falling in sales every year since 2011. For instance, Barbie’s sales dropped by 16% in 2014, with the sales falling by the double digits for each quarter throughout the year. According to the Euromonitor, Barbie’s share of the US doll market has declined from about 25% in 2010 to 19.6% in 2013. In spite of attempts to revitalize the brand throughShow MoreRelatedThe Barbie Unapologetic Hashtag Used For Promote Sports Illustrated Cover Featuring Barbie968 Words   |  4 PagesNataly Rivera Professor Baralt WGSS 101 June 13, 2016 #Unapologetic The advertisement I chose was the Barbie unapologetic hashtag used to promote the Sports Illustrated cover featuring Barbie. The campaign featuring Barbie was seen as empowering to young girls but it still brought controversy. Barbie is seen sporting an iPad and knee-high dress which I believe exemplifies female oppression. Women have been treated as objects for most of their lives because often times we do not see it and it seemsRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Blonde Barbie Doll1725 Words   |  7 Pages Initially, the blonde Barbie doll received a disappointing lukewarm reception from the market because most mothers wished their young girls to remain a little younger without jumping to the teenage Barbie overnight. However, Mattel had a masterpiece plan in promoting the toys through the television and mainly children’s TV. In the late 1950’s, most homes in America had television and children’s program had become a regular part of the programming. Subsequently, the Mattel advertisers managed toRead MoreGender, Gender And Cultural Differences1955 Words   |  8 Pagesthis currently impacts upon consumers in our current environment from gender-assigned toys to stereotypical advertising. Toy manufacturers play a crucial role in the embedding of gender stereotypes within society - they are consumed by the idea that girls are born with inherently different passions, hobbies and skill sets to boys. Although it may not seem a monumental decision in your child’s life to either buy them a doll or a train set to play with, studies have shown that the latter has knock on

Operations Management Homework Chapter 3 Essay - 1333 Words

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A History of the World in 6 Glasses free essay sample

A History of the World in 6 Glasses by Tom Standage is about six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) and how they have affected the world in the past and the present. All of these drinks were invented in different eras, and the inventions of these drinks were affected by what had occurred in the time period. There were many historical eras that are covered in the book. Beginning with the Stone Age, which was the time period beer was created. The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods- Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period- each period was based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of the tools. During this time period, people got there food and necessities by hunting and gathering. When beer was discovered/created Mesopotamians started farming rather than hunting and gathering. The second time period in which wine was created was the rise of the Greek and Roman empire. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of the World in 6 Glasses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This time period was based on strong city-states, and when wine was discovered it became a part of Greek and Roman lifestyles. Also political classes were partially based on the type and quality of wine you would drink. Having the access to wine showed whether you were rich or poor, it showed your status in social life. The third time period was the Age of Exploration. During this time period spirits were discovered by the distillation (the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors) of wine. During the Age of Exploration explorers from around the world would sail on ships in search of new land. They searched for new land they could conquer for their country or to find trading routes as well. They also explored to spread their religion, to become famous (if they did discover something), and to get some money as well. This is the time period when America was discovered. Spirits were drunk on ships throughout voyages. They were drunk on voyages because sailors would get a sickness called scurvy (which is a sickness caused by the lack of vitamin C), and the spirit that would cure it was called aqua vitae. The fourth time period is the Age of Reason which was the time period coffee was discovered/created. The Age of Reason represented the way man viewed himself, the pursuit of knowledge, and the universe. The Age of Reason encouraged intellectual freedom, freedom of religious beliefs, and politics. During this period, many people wanted to prove Greek philosophers wrong and rebuild human knowledge. Also during this period, coffee determined social status as well. As coffee grew in its popularity, coffeehouses were being built. Coffeehouses were the place where people could come and talk about politics, news, and gossip. The fifth time period was the Industrial Revolution in England where tea played a major role. Once tea had been discovered people thought it was an interesting drink. One of the main parts of the Industrial Revolution began in England was because of tea. Many people enjoyed drinking tea, so there was a higher demand for tea. To transport tea to Europe faster, it was brought by steam ships. Also because of the higher demand for tea, people began to make machines that would help pack tea. During the eighteenth century to the twenty first century coca-cola was invented/created and has changed over many years. During this time businesses and industries began to grow, manufactured items and technologies were being invented, and the medical field was making big advances. In this period, coca-cola was sold in pharmacies and was used as a medicine. Even coca-cola was a medicine, people still drank it because of its taste and how refreshing it was. So eventually coca-cola became a beverage as well. Throughout all of these eras, these six drinks have evolved and changed the world in many ways (both positively and negatively). There are two reoccurring themes throughout this book. The first theme is how the six drinks (beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola) have impacted the world. The second theme is that each drink has some kind of medicinal purpose. Whether the drink did not work as a medicine or it did. Each drink has changed the world in many ways (good or bad). Starting with beer, beer steered people out of the hunting and gathering way of life into the agricultural lifestyle. People grew grains in order to make beer, but eventually in gave the people the idea that can also grow more crops instead of just grain. Beer drinking was one of the many factors that helped tip the balance away from hunting and gathering and towards farming and sedentary lifestyle based on small settlements. Beer was also safer to drink than water because water was mostly contaminated. In the Stone Age, beer became the main drink, and it is still a popular drink today. Wine has also impacted the world in many ways. If wine hadnt been invented or discovered we would not have vineyard farming today. Wine was a very popular drink during the Roman and Grecian era. In fact wine was the main drink. Greek and Roman men would have get togethers called symposia. The sophisticated, formal, and intellectual atmosphere of the symposion reminded the Greeks of how civilized they were. It reminded that they werent just there to drink wine, they were there to discuss many things as well. Wine determined your rank in social class. As Tom Standage stated Wine was a mark of status. Wine became the main alcoholic drink in this time period and it is still popular today. Wine became so popular that it is in certain religions and even served as offerings to gods/goddesses. Spirits have impacted the world by playing a major role in the trade of slaves. During the triangle trade between Europe, Africa, and the East Indies they traded rum (another kind of spirit), iron, sugarcane, and slaves. During this time wine was used as a form of currency to trade between European slave traders, but they soon realized that brandy was better to trade with. Brandy allowed for alcohol to fit in smaller places inside ships. Also brandy contained more alcohol in it so it stayed fresh longer than wine. European slave started to offer spirits, like brandy, to Africans before they started to trade. . â€Å"The connections between spirits, slaves, and sugar were further strengthened following the invention of a powerful new drink made from the waste products of the sugar-production process itself. That drink was rum. † Coffee has changed the world in many too as well. As coffee became popular it started to become a social drink. Coffeehouses began to open for people to drink some coffee and just talk about stuff. Because of these coffeehouses it opened the minds of people and let them hear others opinions on a certain subject. Eventually these opinions led to discoveries and information that has impacted and changed the world. â€Å"Coffee promoted clarity of thought, making it the ideal drink for scientists, businessmen, and philosophers, stated Standage. Not only do scientists, businessmen, and philosophers drink it, but many people including kids/teens drink it today just to get a boost of energy. A popular coffee store today is Starbucks, and it is opened everywhere around the world. Coffee is in peoples daily routines/lives. Without coffee the world would be really different, so coffee has changed the world a lot. Tea also impacted the world (especially Europe) because it was also a drink that you could socialize with others and still enjoy a nice cup of tea. Tea was a social drink, but it was more formal than other drinks like coffee or alcoholic drinks. Coffeehouses then began to start serving tea. Tea slowly began to become popular, and like coffee tea opened peoples mind and let them listen to others thoughts. Then ideas began to spread again, and those ideas would then impact the world in some way, shape or form. When tea became popular, China opened up trade routes with Europe and the East, and sparked the trading of other goods through Europe. Tea became so popular in Europe, that people began to have tea time. Without tea, China would not have had major trade routes with Europe and the East. Coca-cola has changed the world in many ways as well. Coke is one of the main drinks all across the globe today. It became one of the first carbonated beverages, which eventually sparked the idea of other people making other carbonated drinks. Like other sodas, coke was sold in pharmacies and was originally a patent medicine. But as time went on, people began to drink Coke because it was a refreshing drink, and eventually Coke became a normal beverage. Coke isnt just a normal beverage though because it has impacted the world in the past and still in the present. The second theme of the book is that every drink had a medicinal purpose. â€Å"Beer also had a more direct link to health, for both the Mesopotamians and Egyptians used it medicinally,† says Standage. Beer was used as an alternative for water because water was mostly contaminated and it wasnt very safe to drink. Beer was a safer option because it consisted of boiled water which was less likely to be contaminated. Beer was also used for medicine because it could dissolve ingredients for medicines better than water. Egyptians began to make medicines with beer in it during 1550 BCE. For example they used Half an onion mixed with frothy beer was said to cure constipation, powdered olives mixed with beer cured indigestion, and a mixture of saffron and beer massaged into a womans abdomen was prescribed for labor pains. So Egyptians found many ways to use beer as a medicine. Wine also had some medicinal qualities. For example when warriors/soldiers were injured wine would be used to disinfect their wounds. A doctor named Galen believed that wine could cure colds as well. The better the wine, Galen believed, the more medicinally effective it was. † But once when spirits were discovered, they replaced wine because people believed it worked better than wine. Doctors and other people believed if wine could cure sicknesses so well, then distilled wine (spirits) would have stronger healing powers. People believed this because spirits has a higher alcohol content than wine. Aqua vitae was a spirit that had a higher alcohol content than any other spirit because it had superior healing powers. Aqua vitae was known to treat: diseases of the brain, nerves joints, revive the heart, calm toothaches, cure blindness, and even protect against the plague. Even though aqua vitae is said to cure all of those things, it actually did not cure any of those problems. All aqua vitae did was intoxicate people easily and quickly. Coffee and tea were not really medicinal drinks. People didnt really use them often as medicine. When people would have headaches they would drink coffee to make the pain not as bad because of the effects of caffeine. People drank tea when they had a cold or sore throat to also ease away the pain and suffering. Besides the fact that coffee and tea would stimulate your mind, they did not really have a medicinal use. Coca-cola was originally sold in pharmacies only for medicinal use. The inventor of Coca-cola was John Pemberton. Before coca-cola Pemberton made many medicines in America that were popular. But soon his business began to drop, and he needed to make a new and improved medicine. How Pemberton made Coca-cola is that he was trying to make a medicine that would reduce/get rid of headache pain. Coca-cola is partially made from the coca plant from South America and it had a stimulating effect on people (because if you chewed them they had a little cocaine). At the time doctors did not know that cocaine was an addictive drug, so they used it in their medicine. Pemberton studied the coca plant for years, and he decided to put the plant in his patent medicine. Then years later he added the kola nut for some flavoring, and soon Pemberton made the concoction we know today as Coca-cola. â€Å"It was nonalcoholic and it appealed as both a soda-water flavoring and a patent medicine†. Because Coca-cola was nonalcoholic and had soda-water flavoring made it very popular. In advertisements, Coca-cola was said to cure: nervous affections, headaches, neuralgia, hysteria, and melancholy. The book has affected me in many ways. For example, when I see one of the six drinks I have read, I now know on how it was created and what time periods it was created. The book also helped me realize that anything can actually impact the world greatly. Before I read the book, I thought there was no way six drinks could have impacted the world at all. But after I read the book, I thought/realized that these six drinks have impacted the world so much in so many ways. The themes of A History of the World in 6 Glasses are relevant to todays society. Each drink has changed the world in many ways. For example in Europe, tea was so popular people would have tea time just to enjoy a cup of tea and discuss some things. Tea time still exists in Europe. Wine became so popular that it became a part of many religions and it impacted many religious beliefs. Many people also drink Coca-Cola and coffee often today. People drink coffee in the morning to get a boost of energy to start off their day, and people drink Coke just as a refreshing beverage or at parties. What would the world be like if these six drinks were not invented? There would be no bars, Starbucks, no tea, and no Coke; honestly this would have been a sad world if these drinks werent invented. My opinion about this book in relation to the major points, themes, and authors point of view is that it was an interesting book, but it was also boring as well. I thought that the themes of the book were great (especially the theme about each drink having a medicinal purpose). That was my favorite theme because just the subject of doctor stuff makes me very interested. The part that made it boring was that I didnt really like reading the spirits section because I thought the author would just get off topic on certain points, and there wasnt anything very interesting in that chapter. But in conclusion the book was good, but I wouldnt really want to read it again.